Birth and death are the common factors of human life. Every human experiences both. They are the most natural of all natural events, Yet, the nature of both birth and death have changed almost beyond recognition in recent decades. Medical science and technology have revolutionized the time and manner in which humans enter and leave this world. As a result, we are increasingly faced with choices that would have been unimaginable to our ancestors. Some of those choices, discussed in this section, include the following. 1. With limited organs available for transplantation, how can physicians and hospitals decide the recipients? 2. How long should physicians maintain the life of a seriously ill patient? 3. Are there circumstances under which an ill or elderly person should be assisted in the process of dying? 4. In the case of conjoined twins, if separating the twins will result in the death of one twin, what is the ethical decision?